Thuật ngữ

Audio Codec

Software that encodes raw audio into a compressed format and decodes it back for playback (e.g. MP3, AAC, FLAC).

Audio Fingerprint

Acoustic Fingerprinting

A compact digital summary of an audio signal used to identify songs or detect duplicate content.

Bit Depth (Audio)

Audio Bit Depth

The number of bits in each audio sample, determining the dynamic range and noise floor (e.g. 16-bit, 24-bit).

Bitrate

Bitrate (Tốc độ Dữ liệu)

Số bit được xử lý hoặc truyền mỗi giây trong luồng âm thanh hoặc video, ảnh hưởng trực tiếp đến cả kích thước tệp và chất lượng. Bitrate cao hơn bảo toàn nhiều chi tiết hơn nhưng tạo ra tệp lớn hơn.

Channel

Kênh (Đường Tín hiệu Âm thanh)

Một luồng dữ liệu âm thanh đơn, độc lập trong bản ghi. Âm thanh mono có một kênh, stereo có hai (trái và phải) và cấu hình âm thanh vòm như 5.1 có sáu kênh.

Chorus Effect

Audio Chorus Effect

An effect that duplicates a signal with slight pitch and timing variations to simulate multiple voices or instruments.

Clipping

Cắt tín hiệu (Méo Âm thanh)

Dạng méo âm thanh xảy ra khi tín hiệu vượt quá mức tối đa mà hệ thống có thể xử lý, khiến đỉnh dạng sóng bị cắt phẳng, tạo ra tiếng rè hoặc ù khó chịu.

De-esser

Audio De-esser

A specialized compressor targeting sibilant frequencies (4-10 kHz) to reduce harsh 's' and 'sh' sounds in vocals.

Dithering (Audio)

Audio Dithering

Adding low-level random noise when reducing bit depth to mask quantization distortion and preserve detail.

Dynamic Range

Audio Dynamic Range

The difference between the quietest and loudest parts of an audio signal, measured in decibels.

FLAC

Free Lossless Audio Codec

An open-source audio codec that compresses audio without any loss in quality, reducing file sizes by 50-70%.

Loudness War

The trend of increasing audio loudness in mastering at the expense of dynamic range, countered by LUFS standards.

Pitch

Audio Pitch

The perceived frequency of a sound, determining how high or low a tone sounds to the listener.

Anchor Positioning

CSS Anchor Positioning

A layout feature that positions elements relative to a named anchor element, useful for tooltips and popovers.

Aspect Ratio (CSS)

CSS aspect-ratio Property

A property that sets a preferred width-to-height ratio for an element, preventing layout shift during loading.

BEM

Block Element Modifier

A CSS naming convention using block__element--modifier format to create reusable, maintainable class names.

Box Model

CSS Box Model

The layout model where every element is a box with content, padding, border, and margin areas.

Color Function

CSS Color Function

Modern CSS functions for defining colors: oklch(), oklab(), color(), hsl(), hwb(), with improved perceptual uniformity.

Color Mix

CSS color-mix() Function

A function that blends two colors in a specified color space by a given percentage, replacing manual hex math.

Content Visibility

CSS content-visibility Property

A property enabling the browser to skip rendering of off-screen elements, dramatically improving initial page load.

CSS max()

CSS max() Function

A comparison function returning the largest value from a list, useful for responsive sizing with lower bounds.

Custom Property

CSS Custom Property (Variable)

A user-defined property (--name) that stores reusable values, accessible via the var() function.

:has() Selector

CSS :has() Relational Pseudo-class

A parent selector that matches elements containing descendants matching a given selector, enabling upward DOM selection.

Keyframe Animation

CSS @keyframes Animation

A set of style rules defining intermediate steps in a CSS animation sequence using percentage waypoints.

oklch()

OK Lightness Chroma Hue

A perceptually uniform color space where equal numerical changes produce equal visual differences.

Subgrid

CSS Subgrid

A Grid feature allowing child grids to inherit and align with the parent grid's track sizing for consistent layouts.

Accessibility

Design Accessibility (a11y)

Designing products usable by people with disabilities, following WCAG guidelines for perceivable and operable interfaces.

Affordance

Design Affordance

A visual cue suggesting how an element should be used (e.g. a raised button affords clicking).

Baseline Grid

Typographic Baseline Grid

A horizontal grid aligned to text baselines that maintains consistent vertical rhythm across a page.

Color Temperature

The perceived warmth (reds, yellows) or coolness (blues, greens) of a color, influencing mood and atmosphere.

Contrast Ratio

WCAG Contrast Ratio

A numerical measure of luminance difference between text and background, with 4.5:1 minimum for WCAG AA compliance.

Fitts's Law

A predictive model stating that the time to reach a target depends on its distance and size — larger, closer targets are faster.

Font Weight

The thickness of a typeface's strokes, expressed numerically (100-900) or by name (light, regular, bold).

Rule of Thirds

A composition guideline dividing the frame into a 3x3 grid, placing key elements along lines or intersections for visual balance.

AST

Abstract Syntax Tree

A tree representation of the syntactic structure of source code, used by compilers and code analysis tools.

Backpressure

Stream Backpressure

A flow control mechanism where a slow consumer signals a fast producer to reduce its output rate, preventing buffer overflow.

Base58

Base58 Encoding

A binary-to-text encoding that excludes visually ambiguous characters (0, O, I, l), used in Bitcoin addresses.

CI/CD

Continuous Integration / Continuous Deployment

A development practice where code changes are automatically built, tested, and deployed to production.

CIDR

Classless Inter-Domain Routing

A notation for IP address ranges using a base address and prefix length (e.g. 192.168.1.0/24).

Content Negotiation

HTTP Content Negotiation

A mechanism where the client and server agree on the best representation of a resource using Accept headers.

Cron Expression

Cron Schedule Expression

A string format representing a schedule using five fields: minute, hour, day, month, and day of week.

Dead Letter Queue

Dead Letter Queue (DLQ)

A message queue that stores messages that could not be processed successfully, enabling later inspection and retry.

DNS

Domain Name System

The hierarchical naming system that translates human-readable domain names into IP addresses.

Docker

Docker Container Platform

A platform for building, shipping, and running applications in lightweight, isolated containers that share the host OS kernel.

Epoch Time

Unix Epoch Timestamp

The number of seconds elapsed since January 1, 1970 UTC, used as a universal time reference.

GraphQL

Graph Query Language

A query language for APIs that lets clients request exactly the data they need in a single request.

Idempotent

Idempotent Operation

An operation that produces the same result regardless of how many times it is applied.

Aliasing (Audio)

Audio Aliasing

Distortion occurring when audio frequencies above the Nyquist limit are sampled, producing false lower frequencies.